spinal fusion

Male and female medical staff bandage a limb in an operation theatre

These three common surgeries have been found to be of little to no benefit, but thousands are still performed every year.

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Despite rates of spinal fusion being on the rise for chronic back pain sufferers, current evidence doesn't support its effectiveness, write Gustavo Machado, Christine Lin and Ian Harris.

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Medical scientists have invented a new spinal fusion device to reduce chronic back pain, the most common reason for pain and disability in people aged under 50.